Martin Luther King

Full name: Martin Luther King, Jr
Born: January 15, 1929
Atlanta, GA
United States
Death: April 4, 1968 (39 years)
Memphis, TN
United States
Occupation: Pastor Protestant and political activist

McLuther Martin King, Jr. (Atlanta, January 15, 1929 - Memphis, April 4, 1968) was a Protestant minister and American political activist. Became one of the most important leaders of the civil rights activist in the United States and worldwide, through a campaign of nonviolence and love for neighbor. Became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, shortly before his assassination. His speech is most famous and remembered "I Have A Dream."

Political activism

In 1955, Rosa Parks, a black woman, refused to give her seat on a bus to a white woman and was arrested. The city's black leaders organized a bus boycott in Montgomery to protest racial segregation in force on transportation. During the campaign of 381 days, co-led by King, many threats were made against his life, was arrested and saw his house being attacked. The boycott ended with a Supreme Court decision in American outlaw racial discrimination in public transportation.

After this battle, Martin Luther King participated in the founding of the Conference of the Southern Christian Leadership (SCLC, or in English, SCLC, Southern Christian Leadership Conference) in 1957. The CLCS should organize activism around the issue of civil rights. King stood in front of the SCLC until his death, which was criticized by the more democratic and radical Committee Nonviolent Coordinating Student (CNVCE, or in English, SNCC, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee). The SCLC derived its membership principally from black communities associated with Baptist churches. King was a follower of the ideas of non-violent civil disobedience advocated by Mohandas Gandhi (Indian political leader also known as Mahatma Gandhi), and applied this philosophy to the protests organized by the SCLC. King correctly identified that demonstrations and nonviolent against the system of segregation prevalent in the southern United States, violently attacked by racist authorities and with widespread media coverage, they would create a public opinion favorable to civil rights enforcement, and this was the fundamental action that made the debate about civil rights a major political issue in the U.S. from the early 1960s.


Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his famous speech "I Have a Dream" in March 1963 before the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, during the "march for jobs and freedom." He organized and led marches to achieve the right to vote, ending segregation, ending discrimination at work and other basic civil rights. Most of these rights was later aggregated to the state law-Street Band with the approval of the Civil Rights Act (1964), and the Voting Rights Act (1965).

King and SCLC chose them with great success to the principles of nonviolent protest, even as a means to provoke and irritate the racist authorities of the places where the protests were taking place - invariably the latter retaliated violently. The CLCS also joined the protests in Alabany (1961-2), which were not successful due to divisions within the black community and also by prudent reaction of local authorities, then joined the protests in Birmingham (1963), and protest St. Augustine (1964). King, the SCLC and CNVCE joined forces in December 1964 in protest occurred in the town of Selma.


On October 14, 1964 King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded in recognition of his leadership in the nonviolent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States.

Collaboration with the partial CNVCE, King and SCLC attempted to organize a march from Selma to the capital of Alabama, Montgomery, to begin March 25, 1965. Had already been two attempts to promote this march, the first on March 7 and the second on March 9.

At first, 525 people marched for only six blocks, the violent intervention of the police stopped the march. The images of violence were broadcast around the country, and the day was given the nickname Bloody Sunday. King did not attend the march: he was in negotiations with the U.S. president, and did not give its approval for the march so early.

The second march was interrupted by King near the Pettus bridge on the outskirts of Selma, an action that seems to have been negotiated in advance with leaders of the following cities. This action aroused the surprise and indignation of many local activists.

The march finally completed in the third trial (March 25, 1965), with the permission and support of President Lyndon Johnson. It was during this march that Stokely Carmichael (future leader of the Black Panthers) coined the phrase "Black Power".

Earlier, in 1963, King was one of the organizers of the march on Washington, which originally had to be a protest march, but after discussions with then President John F. Kennedy, has become almost a celebration of the achievements of the black movement (and government) - which angered activists rather more radical and less naive.

In 1965 the black leader began to doubt U.S. intentions in the Vietnam War. In February and again in April 1967, King made serious criticisms of the role that the U.S. desempanhavam war. In 1968 King and the SCLC organized a campaign for social and economic justice, poverty (the Campaign for the Poor), which was intended principally to help the poorest communities in the country.

It should also be noted that the impact King had on popular entertainment. He spoke with the actress's black series, Star Trek, Nichelle Nichols, when she threatened to quit the program. Nichelle believed the paper was not helping at all his career and that the studio was evil, but King convinced her that it was important to have a black representative in one of the most popular programs on television.

Martin Luther King was hated by many southern segregationists, which culminated in his assassination on April 4, 1968, moments before a march, a hotel in the city of Memphis. James Earl Ray confessed to the crime, but he later recanted his confession. King's widow, Coretta Scott King, along with the rest of the family leader, won a civil suit against Loyd Jowers, a man who pitched a scandal by saying that it had offered $ 100,000 for the murder of King.Ħ

In 1986 we established a U.S. national holiday to honor Martin Luther King, named for Martin Luther King Day - always the third Monday of January, which is close to the anniversary of King. In 1993, the first time, the holiday was fulfilled in all states.

Bob Marley

Robert Nesta Marley, better known as Bob Marley (Nine Mile, February 6, 1945 - Miami, May 11, 1981) was a singer, guitarist and composer, Jamaican, best known reggae musician of all time, famous for popularizing gender. Much of his work deals with the problems of the poor and oppressed. He was called the Charles Wesley of the Rastafarians "by the way he spread the religion through his music.
I have listed 25 of the most powerful Bob Marley Quotes.
"The first thing you must know about me is that I always stand what I stand for. Good? The second thing you must know about yourself listening to me is that words are tricky. So when you know what me a stand for, when me explain a thing to you, you must never try to look 'pon it in a different way from what me a stand for."
1 "Every man gotta right to decide his own destiny."
This is Marley steadfastly adhering to the philosophy speaking to self determination of which one of the greatest Pan Africanist Marcus Mosiah Garvey spoke about.
Marley realized that the doctrine of inferiority was one that served to limit the potential and outlook of People of African descent.
2 "Facts an' facts, an' t'ings an t'ings: dem's all a lotta fockin' bullshit. Hear me! Dere is no truth but de one truth, an' that is the truth of Jah Rastafari."
3 "I don't stand for the black man's side; I don’t stand for the white man's side. I stand for God's side."



In light of the fact that Marley was being marketed as a rock star to an international audience, it is not surprising that he would hold such a sentiment.
Songs like Zimbabwe and Africa Unite prove beyond the shadow of a doubt that he was very much aware of the status and struggle of people of African descent.
However it can be assumed that his Rastafarian faith with a doctrine of love combined with increased spirituality and the need to be marketable to a “one love” audience provided the necessary middle ground that Bob the artist needed.
4 "Don´t forget your history nor your destiny."
5 "In the abundance of water, the fool is thirsty."
6 "The harder the battle the sweet of jah victory."
7 "Open your eyes & look within, are you satisfied with the life you living."
8 "In this great future you can’t forget your past."
9 "If you get down and quarrel everyday, you're saying prayers to the devil, I say."
10 "Just can't live that negative way...make way for the positive day!"
11 "Life and Jah are one in the same. Jah is the gift of existence. I am in some way eternal, I will never be duplicated. The singularity of every man and woman is Jah's gift. What we struggle to make of it is our sole gift to Jah. The process of what that struggle becomes, in time, the Truth."
12 "Life is one big road with lots of signs. So when you riding through the ruts, don't complicate your mind. Flee from hate, mischief and jealousy. Don't bury your thoughts; put your vision to reality. Wake Up and Live!"

13 "Until the philosophy which hold one race superior and another inferior is finally discredited and abandoned...WAR! So that is prophecy, and everyone knows that is truth. And it came out of the mouth of Rastafari."
This is one of Bob Marley quotes come from Ras Tafari or His Imperial Majesty; however Bob with his lyrical genius immortalized them by putting these sentiments, originally delivered by H.I.M as a speech, to music.
14 "The first thing you must know about me is that I always stand what I stand for. Good? The second thing you must know about yourself listening to me is that words are tricky. So when you know what me a stand for, when me explain a thing to you, you must never try to look 'pon it in a different way from what me a stand for."
15 "Emancipate yourself from mental slavery, none but ourselves can free our minds..."
16 "The good times of today, are the sad thoughts of tomorrow."
17 "You can fool some people sometimes, but you can't fool all the people all the time."
18 "Don't gain the world and lose your soul, wisdom is better than silver or gold..."
19 "When the race gets hard to run. It means you just can't take the pace."
20 "The more people smoke herb, the more Babylon fall." Bob Marley quote on herbs
21 "Rise O fallen fighters, rise and take your stance again, He who fight and run away, Live to fight another day"
22 "The power of philosophy floats through my head, Light like a feather, Heavy as Led"
23 "Rastafari not a culture, it's a reality."
24 "The only truth is Rastafari."
25 "My music will go on forever. Maybe it's a fool say that, but when me know facts me can say facts. My music will go on forever."

Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism is the acceptance or promotion of multiple ethnic cultures, applied to the demographic make-up of a specific place, usually at the organizational level, e.g. schools, businesses, neighborhoods, cities or nations. In this context, multiculturalists advocate extending equitable status to distinct ethnic and religious groups without promoting any specific ethnic, religious, and/or cultural community values as central.
The policy of multiculturalism is often contrasted with the concepts assimilationism and social integration.
Now, I’m going talk a little bit about Sudan’s culture.
Sudan has a population of 34 million. This country is formed by many ethnical groups. The majority of the population is black but Sudan have many Arabians too.
The actual flag was adopted in 1970 and carries a lot of Islamic symbols.

It consists of three horizontal stripes:
• Red, representing the blood of Muslim martyrs;
• White, which stands for peace and optimism;
• Black, which represents the people of Sudan
It also has a green triangle at the left border, which symbolizes both agriculture and the Islamic faith.
Sudanese tend to identify with their tribes rather than their nation.
Only 25% of the population lives in towns or cities; the remaining 75% are rural.
Food


Foo The day usually begins with a cup of tea. Breakfast is eaten in the mid- to late morning, generally consisting of beans, salad, liver, and bread. Millet is the staple food, and is prepared as a porridge called asida or a flat bread called kisra. Vegetables are prepared in stews or salads. Ful, a dish of broad beans cooked in oil, is common, as are cassavas and sweet potatoes. Nomads in the north rely on dairy products and meat from camels. In general, meat is expensive and not often consumed. Sheep are killed for feasts or to honor a special guest. The intestines, lungs, and liver of the animal are prepared with chili pepper in a special dish called marara.
Cooking is done in the courtyards outside the house on a tin grill called a kanoon, which uses charcoal as fuel.
Tea and coffee are both popular drinks. Coffee beans are fried, then they are cooked with cloves and spices. The liquid is strained through a grass sieve and served in tiny cups.
Marriage
Marriages are traditionally arranged by the parents of the couple. This is still the case today, even among wealthier and more educated Sudanese. Matches are often made between cousins, second cousins, or other family members, or if not, at least between members of the same tribe and social class. Parents conduct the negotiations, and it is common for a bride and groom not to have seen each other before the wedding. There is generally a significant age difference between husband and wife. A man must be economically self-sufficient and able to provide for a family before he can marry. He has to be able to furnish an acceptable bride-price of jewelry, clothes, furniture, and among some tribes, cattle. Among the middle class, women usually are married after they finish school, at age nineteen or twenty; in poorer families or in rural areas, the age is younger. Polygyny was a common practice in the past. Divorce, although still considered shameful, is more common today than it once was. Upon dissolution of a marriage, the bride-price is returned to the husband.



Religious Believes
Seventy percent of the population is Sunni Muslim, 25 percent follow traditional indigenous beliefs, and 5 percent are Christian.
Medicine
Technically, medical care is provided free of charge by the government, but in actuality few people have access to such care because of the shortage of doctors and other health care personnel. Most trained health workers are concentrated in Khartoum and other parts of the north. Health conditions in most of the country are extremely poor. Malnutrition is common, and increases people's vulnerability to diseases. It is especially pernicious in children. Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation also are problems, which allow disease to spread rapidly among the population. Malaria, dysentery, hepatitis, and bilharizia are widespread, particularly in poor and rural areas. Bilharzia is transmitted by bathing in water infected with bilharzia larvae. It causes fatigue and liver damage, but once detected can be treated. Schistosomiasis (snail fever) and trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) affect significant numbers of people in the south. Other diseases include measles, whooping cough, syphilis, and gonorrhea.

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